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MaterialsĬommercially available alcoholic beverages were obtained from local commercial vendors and analyzed for alcohol content.
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Benchtop NMR spectrometer has been used in teaching organic chemistry laboratory techniques and is gaining popularity due to ease and cost-effectiveness in its utility including in vivo imaging applications compared to high-field NMR instrumentation.
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The objective of this study was to investigate the use of a low-field 45 MHz NMR spectrometer to determine the alcohol content of several alcoholic products.
#How to calculate ppm winemaking full
NMR analysis has been applied even in full intact wine bottles to preserve the integrity of this valuable commodity. In particular, 1H NMR methodologies have been applied to determine chemical constituents (phenolics, sugars, and organic acids) and to measure the amount of alcohol for authenticating the quality of wine. The capability of NMR for quantitation (qNMR) to simultaneously detect a large number of compounds in a complex mixture without separation proves to be advantageous as a method to use for analysis of natural products including food, fruit juices, or alcoholic beverages. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, a nondestructive noninvasive technique that provides a direct relationship between the measured spectra and chemical structure, is the primary standard and routine method for molecular structure characterization. An additional advantage would be if the method implemented is officially recognized, but inexpensive and less prone to human errors. To maintain international oenological standards and to preserve high quality products, methods to determine alcohol content must be reliable to measure this very important parameter. Recently, Raman spectroscopy has been explored to quantify ethanol concentration in alcoholic beverages. Spectroscopic techniques such as infrared (IR) and NMR and mass spectrometry offer alternative methods other than traditional chemical testing and chromatographic methods such as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography (GC). The International Organization of Vine and Wine (OIV) has set up a compendium of official test methods to analyze wines and musts that vitivinicultural sectors need to follow to comply with international standards worldwide. Several methods to quantify the alcoholic content in wine to ensure quality of highest standard are based on chemical (dichromate oxidation), physical (pycnometry, densitometry, refractometry, and hydrometry), chromatographic, and spectrometric analyses. Wine-making is a rigidly controlled process and the final commercial product is subjected to stringent regulations regarding the alcohol content, acidity, sulfur dioxide quantity, sugar content, quality of the grapes, and amount of preservatives. IntroductionĮthanol, commonly called ethyl alcohol, is the principal alcoholic component in wine produced by fermentation of sugars by yeast. This study demonstrates the utility of a benchtop NMR spectrometer that can provide an alternative technique to analyze percent alcohol in alcoholic products. Results showed that internal standard method gave values of percent alcohol that are in close agreement with the indicated label as confirmed by running the samples in a 400 MHz high-field NMR spectrometer using acetic acid as internal standard. For both methods, acetic acid or acetonitrile was used as internal standard to quantify alcohol content by using the peak area corresponding to the methyl peaks of ethanol, acetic acid, or acetonitrile. Internal standard and standard addition analytical methods were utilized to quantify ethanol. In this study, the amount of ethanol in several alcoholic beverages was determined using a 45 MHz low-field benchtop NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) spectrometer. Analytical methods to determine the alcohol content must be reliable, precise, and accurate. Alcohol content of alcoholic beverages (wine, beers, and spirits) is about 3–50% v/v. Alcohol or ethanol is considered the most widely used recreational drug worldwide, and its production, consumption, and sale are strictly regulated by laws.